The Ghost of Mani: Why the Ancient Heresy of Dualism Still Haunts Catholic Thought

​I. Introduction: Manichaeism – A Universal Religion of Cosmic Despair ​Manichaeism represents one of the most intellectually sophisticated and historically impactful challenges to the nascent Catholic faith. Founded in the third century AD by the Parthian Iranian prophet Mani (c. 216–274) in the Sasanian Empire, it quickly established itself as a major world religion. While […]

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An oil painting in the Baroque style depicting Jesus Christ in radiant light, with a visible, tangible human body, emphasizing both his divinity and humanity.

Christ in Flesh and Spirit: The Catholic Rejection of Docetism

I. Introduction: Defining Docetism and its Initial Appearance in Early Christianity Docetism, a term originating from the Greek word “dokein” (δοκεῖν), signifying “to seem” or “to appear,” represents an early Christian belief that was subsequently identified and condemned as a heresy within the developing orthodox tradition. At its core, Docetism espoused the notion that Jesus

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