The Ghost of Mani: Why the Ancient Heresy of Dualism Still Haunts Catholic Thought

​I. Introduction: Manichaeism – A Universal Religion of Cosmic Despair ​Manichaeism represents one of the most intellectually sophisticated and historically impactful challenges to the nascent Catholic faith. Founded in the third century AD by the Parthian Iranian prophet Mani (c. 216–274) in the Sasanian Empire, it quickly established itself as a major world religion. While […]

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Theotokos as the controversy of Nestorius in the Early Church

Understanding Nestorius: The Origins of the Nestorian Heresy

Nestorianism, named after its chief proponent Nestorius, emerged as a significant theological controversy in the early Christian church, particularly concerning the nature of Christ and the proper title for the Virgin Mary. This heresy, which was later condemned by the church, revolved around complex doctrinal disagreements about Christ’s divine and human natures, and it left

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The Last Supper by Leonardo da Vinci - Jesus as the Bread of Life: The True Nourishment for the World

Jesus as the Bread of Life: The True Nourishment for the World

In Chapter 6 of John’s Gospel, Jesus reveals a profound truth about his mission: He is the true bread from heaven, offering spiritual nourishment that transcends the material world. The people begin to recognise Jesus as the prophesied figure, greater than Moses, but they struggle to grasp the deeper significance of the bread He offers.

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