An oil painting in the Baroque style depicting Jesus Christ in radiant light, with a visible, tangible human body, emphasizing both his divinity and humanity.

Christ in Flesh and Spirit: The Catholic Rejection of Docetism

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I. Introduction: Defining Docetism and its Initial Appearance in Early Christianity Docetism, a term originating from the Greek word “dokein” (δοκεῖν), signifying “to seem” or “to appear,” represents an early Christian belief that was subsequently identified and condemned as a heresy within the developing orthodox tradition. At its core, Docetism espoused the notion that Jesus […]

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Joseph and Jesus: Biblical Typology in the Old Testament

Joseph and Jesus: Biblical Typology in the Old Testament

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In the grand narrative of Scripture, few stories illuminate the person and work of Christ more brilliantly than that of Joseph, son of Jacob. Like a master artist laying down preliminary sketches before revealing their masterpiece, God embedded in Joseph’s life a remarkable prefiguration of His Son’s redemptive mission. The parallels emerge with striking clarity:

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Theotokos as the controversy of Nestorius in the Early Church

Understanding Nestorius: The Origins of the Nestorian Heresy

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Nestorianism, named after its chief proponent Nestorius, emerged as a significant theological controversy in the early Christian church, particularly concerning the nature of Christ and the proper title for the Virgin Mary. This heresy, which was later condemned by the church, revolved around complex doctrinal disagreements about Christ’s divine and human natures, and it left

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Council of Nicaea drawing

The Arian Crisis: How One Controversy Clarified Christian Belief

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Arianism, named after the Alexandrian presbyter Arius (c. 250–336 AD), represents one of the most significant theological challenges in early Christian history.1 It sparked one of the most contentious and long-lasting conflicts within the early Church, leaving an indelible mark on Christian doctrine and ecclesiastical politics. The Arian controversy revolved around the nature of Christ’s

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